EDITORIAL ESPANOL:

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Hola amigos DERMAGICOS, de nuevo con ustedes. LA PITIRIASIS ROSADA, enfermedad ancestral descrita por GIBERT hace muchos años, todavía no se le conoce causa especifica. En los ultimos años se han publicado algunos trabajos tratando de buscarle un agente causal, pero todavia no hay una asociación agente-enfermedad comprobada 100%. Estas referencias nos muestran algunos de esos trabajos. 

El la lista RX-DERM, hace unas semanas se publico un paciente tratado con VALTREX (valaciclovir), con excelentes resultados. Asociacion con herpesvirus ???, o bacilos ???, el tiempo y futuras investigaciones terminaran de aclarar el panorama.

Saludos,,,

Dr. Jose Lapenta R.,,,

 EDITORIAL ENGLISH:

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Hello DERMAGICS friends, again with you. THE PITYRIASIS ROSEA, ancestral illness described many years ago by GIBERT, is not still known the cause. In the last years some works have been published trying to look for a causal agent, but there still is not an association agent-illness proven 100%. These references show us some of those works. 

The list RX-DERM, has published a patient treaty with VALTREX(valaciclovir) some weeks ago, with excellent results. Association with herpesvirus ???, or bacilluses ???, the time and future investigations will clarify the query. 

Greetings,,,

Dr. José Lapenta R. 

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DERMAGIC/EXPRESS(33)

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PITIRIASIS ROSADA, BUSCANDO UN AGENTE CAUSAL 

PITYRIASIS ROSEA, LOOKING FOR A CAUSAL AGENT 

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1.) Pityriasis rosea Gibert: detection of Legionella micdadei antibodies in

patients.

2.) Legionella species.

3.) Absence of picornavirus genome in pityriasis rosea.

4.) Human herpesvirus 7 in pityriasis rosea [letter]

5.) Pityriasis rosea and human herpesvirus 7, a true association? [letter] 

6.) Human herpesvirus 7 in patients with pityriasis rosea. Electron microscopy investigations and polymerase chain reaction in mononuclear cells, plasma and skin. 

7.) Human herpesvirus 7: antigenic properties and prevalence in children and

adults.

8.) Human herpesvirus types 6, 7, and 8.

9.) [Histopathologic, ultrastructural, immunologic and virologic study of

Gibert's pityriasis rosea] 

10.) Description of Epstein-Barr Virus.

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1.) Pityriasis rosea Gibert: detection of Legionella micdadei antibodies in

patients.

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AU: Gjenero-Margan-I; Vidovic-R; Drazenovic-V

AD: Epidemiology Service, Croatian National Institute of Public Health,

Zagreb, Croatia.

SO: Eur-J-Epidemiol. 1995 Aug; 11(4): 459-62

ISSN: 0392-2990

PY: 1995

LA: ENGLISH

CP: NETHERLANDS

AB: Some epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Pityriasis rosea

Gibert has led us to hypothesize that this disease may be the clinical

manifestation of an infection caused by legionellas. We have thus tested

the sera of 36 patients ill with Pityriasis rosea and 19 controls for

Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1-6 and Legionella micdadei antibodies.

These, who had the same age and sex distribution as study patients, were

receiving treatment for other diseases in the same ward. Also tested were

200 sera from the voluntary blood donors from the same region as study

patients. Legionella micdadei antibodies were detected in 12 (33.3%)

Pityriasis rosea cases and in one (5.2%) control. They were significantly

more common in Pityriasis rosea cases than in either controls or voluntary

blood donor population. The findings to date encourage continued research

into the causative relationship between the Legionella micddadei infection

and the onset of Pityriasis rosea Gibert.

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2.) Legionella species

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Source: Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's

Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases Fourth Edition.

Legionellae are gram-negative aerobic bacilli that share a number of common

phenotypic features, including growth on buffered charcoal yeast extract

(BCYE) agar, lack of growth on blood agar, catalase activity, and

requirement for cysteine. Tests for urease, nitrate reduction, and

fermentative activity are uniformly negative. 7 Although individual species

differ in several phenotypic characteristics, such as gelatin

liquefication, hippurate hydrolysis, and oxidase activity, these tests are

of limited use in differentiation. When grown on yeast extract agar,

Legionella spp. produce a water-soluble, extracellular compound that

fluoresces yellow-green on exposure to long-wave ultraviolet light. Several

species exhibit a blue-white or red autofluorescence under ultraviolet

light. Most species produce b-lactamase; L. micdadei, L. maceachaernii, and

L. feeleii do not. Cell wall fatty acid profiles and ubiquinone content are

sufficiently distinctive to permit species identification on the basis of

gas-liquid chromatography. 8,8a Differentiation of the common species is

most conveniently made in the laboratory by direct fluorescent antibody

staining of the isolates. Slide agglutination can also be used for selected

isolates. 1,9 Determination of DNA homology is the definitive method

especially for the less common strains.

Legionella micdadei is unique in that it retains the modified acid-fast

stain. 2,3 Legionella micdadei can appear as weakly or partially acid-fast

bacilli in clinical specimens. The acid-fast property is not usually

present in organisms grown on solid media, but may be retained in liquid

culture. The modified acid-fast stain substitutes 1% sulfuric acid (a less

potent decolorizing agent) for the traditional 3% hydrochloric acid in

alcohol. This characteristic has occasionally led to misidentification of

L. micdadei infection as mycobacterial infection, with initiation of

antituberculous agents. 3,10,11

Based on differences in DNA sequence homology and DNA guanine and cytosine

content, Garrity and Brown proposed division of the family into three

genera, Legionella (L. pneumophila), Fluoribacter (F. bozemanae, F.

gormanii, F. dumoffii), and Tatlockia (T. micdadei, T. maceachaernii).

12,13 However, commonly accepted usage includes only the single genus,

Legionella. 14,14a

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3.) Absence of picornavirus genome in pityriasis rosea.

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Aractingi S; Morinet F; Mokni M; Tieng V; Flageul B; Fermand JP; Dubertret L

Unite de Dermatologie, Hopital Tenon, Paris, France.

Arch Dermatol Res (GERMANY) Dec 1996 289 (1) p60-1 ISSN: 0340-3696

Language: ENGLISH

Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE 

Journal Announcement: 9706

Subfile: INDEX MEDICUS

Tags: Human

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4.) Human herpesvirus 7 in pityriasis rosea [letter]

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Drago F; Ranieri E; Malaguti F; Losi E; Rebora A

Lancet (ENGLAND) May 10 1997 349 (9062) p1367-8 ISSN: 0140-6736

Language: ENGLISH

Document Type: LETTER 

Journal Announcement: 9708

Subfile: AIM; INDEX MEDICUS

Tags: Human

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5.) Pityriasis rosea and human herpesvirus 7, a true association? [letter] 

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Author 

Lebb´e C; Agbalika F 

Source 

Dermatology, 196(2):275 1998 

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6.) Human herpesvirus 7 in patients with pityriasis rosea. Electron microscopy investigations and polymerase chain reaction in mononuclear cells, plasma and skin. 

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Author 

Drago F; Ranieri E; Malaguti F; Battifoglio ML; Losi E; Rebora A 

Address 

Institute of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Italy. 

Source 

Dermatology, 195(4):374-8 1997 

Abstract 

BACKGROUND: Clinical evidence suggests a viral etiology for pityriasis

rosea (PR). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 and HHV-7 as

candidates for the etiology of PR. METHODS: Blood and skin tissue from 12

patients with acute PR, and 12 patients with other dermatoses were studied,

as well as blood samples from 25 healthy persons. Serum interferon

(IFN)-alpha and IFN-gamma were analyzed by ELISA. Analysis of morphological

changes in cocultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and

electron microscopy (EM) to identify viral particles were performed.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers for HHV-6 and HHV-7

DNA sequences was performed on the plasma and PBMC of patients and healthy

controls and on the skin of patients with PR and other skin diseases.

RESULTS: PR plasma contained detectable IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma, whereas

plasma from controls did not. PBMC from PR patients showed ballooning cells

and syncytia after 7 days in culture whereas PBMC from controls and

recovered PR patients did not. This cytopathic effect was also documented

in a PR patient who relapsed and in Sup-T1 cell cultures inoculated with

the cell-free supernatant from centrifuged cultured PBMC; in this

supernatant, herpesvirus, virions were detected by EM, PCR identified HHV-7

DNA in PBMC, plasma and skin from all patients with active PR and in the

PBMC only of 5 patients tested 10-14 months later. Weaker signals of HHV-7

DNA were detected in PBMC of 11 controls, but not in their plasma. Skin was

negative for HHV-7 in all control specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Although the

detection of HHV-7 DNA in PBMC and tissues does not prove directly a causal

role, HHV-7 DNA in cell-free plasma corresponds to active replication which

supports a causal relationship. We propose that PR is a clinical

presentation of HHV-7 reactivation. 

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7.) Human herpesvirus 7: antigenic properties and prevalence in children and

adults.

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Author(s) Wyatt LS; Rodriguez WJ; Balachandran N; Frenkel N

Address Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and

Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.

Source J Virol 1991;65:6260 - 5.

Abstract The recent isolation of human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) from activated

CD4+ T lymphocytes of a healthy individual raises questions regarding the

prevalence of this virus in humans and its immunological relationship to

previously characterized human herpesviruses. We report that HHV-7 is a

ubiquitous virus which is immunologically distinct from the highly

prevalent T-lymphotropic HHV-6. Thus, (i) only two of six monoclonal

antibodies to HHV-6 cross-reacted with HHV-7-infected cells, (ii) Western

immunoblot analyses of viral proteins revealed different patterns for

HHV-6- and HHV-7-infected cells, (iii) tests of sequential serum samples

from children revealed seroconversion to HHV-6 without concomitant

seroconversion to HHV-7, and (iv) in some instances HHV-7 infection

occurred in the presence of high titers of HHV-6 antibodies, suggesting the

lack of apparent protection of children seropositive for HHV-6 against

subsequent infection with HHV-7. On the basis of the analyses of sera from

children and adults it can be concluded that HHV-7 is a prevalent human

herpesvirus which, like other human herpesviruses, infects during

childhood. The age of infection appears to be somewhat later than the very

early age documented for HHV-6.

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8.) Human herpesvirus types 6, 7, and 8

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Source: Harrison's 14 1.998

Human herpesvirus (HHV) type 6 was first isolated in 1986 from peripheral-blood leukocytes of six persons with various lymphoproliferative disorders. Although initially thought to be B-lymphotropic and thus designated human B-lymphotropic virus, HHV-6 is clearly primarily T-lymphotropic. The virus has a worldwide distribution, and two genetically distinct variants (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are now recognized.

Infection with HHV-6 frequently develops during infancy as maternal antibody wanes. Although HHV-6A has not yet been associated with disease, HHV-6B can cause exanthem subitum (roseola infantum), a common illness characterized by fever with subsequent rash. HHV-6B is also a major cause of febrile seizures without rash during infancy. In older age groups, HHV-6B has been associated with mononucleosis syndromes, focal encephalitis, and (in immunocompromised hosts) pneumonitis and disseminated disease. As many as 80 percent of adults are seropositive for HHV-6. The virus may be transmitted by saliva and possibly by genital secretions. There is no established treatment or vaccine.

HHV-7 was isolated in 1990 from T lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of a healthy 26-year-old man. Other isolates have since been obtained. It appears that the virus is frequently acquired during childhood and is frequently present in the saliva of healthy adults. No human disease has yet been definitively linked to HHV-7, although some cases of exanthem subitum have been associated with HHV-7 infection.

Unique herpesvirus-like DNA sequences were reported during 1994 and 1995 in tissues derived from Kaposi's sarcoma and body cavity-based lymphoma occurring in patients with AIDS. These sequences are partially homologous to the DNA of Epstein-Barr virus and herpesvirus saimiri of squirrel monkeys. When subjected to representational-difference analyses, more than 90 percent of Kaposi's sarcoma tissue samples were found to contain these sequences, whereas appropriate control tissues did not. The same herpesvirus-like DNA sequences have been reported in Kaposi's sarcoma tissue from non-AIDS patients, in a subgroup of AIDS-related B-cell body cavity-based lymphomas, in certain brain tumors, and in some proliferative skin lesions of organ transplant recipients. Approximately 15 percent of non-Kaposi's-sarcoma tissue specimens from patients with AIDS contain these sequences, which have also been found in semen from both AIDS and non-AIDS patients. Because of the uniqueness of these sequences, some authors have tentatively called the virus from which they come HHV-8. Its role in Kaposi's sarcoma and other diseases remains to be established. The recent isolation of HHV-8 in cell culture should help define its role in disease by making diagnostic techniques more reliable.

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9.) [Histopathologic, ultrastructural, immunologic and virologic study of

Gibert's pityriasis rosea] 

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Author 

Bonaf´e JL; Icart J; Perp`ere M; Oksman F; Divoux D 

Source 

Ann Dermatol Venereol, 109(10):855-61 1982 

Abstract 

A complete study of pityriasis rosea (Gibert) has been performed; this

study includes: --a pathological and ultrastructural examination of the

skin biopsies; --an immunological study: direct and indirect

immunofluorescence (seric anti-cutaneous antibodies); --a virological

investigation: ultrastructural examination of the specimens, inoculation of

homogenized-skin specimens to 3 cellular cultures; --serological

investigations for influenza A, B, parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, adenovirus,

respiratory syncitial virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, ornithosis-psittacosis,

Q-fever, herpes-virus, herpes-virus varicellae, cytomegalovirus,

Epstein-Barr virus. All viral investigations had a negative result. Virus

or virus-like particle has were not detected on the ultrastructural

examinations. A viral infective agent cannot be incriminated as the cause

of PRG. However, a large number of PRG patients had antibodies for the

Epstein-Barr virus early antigen. The authors are carrying on with this

particular investigation. 

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10.) Description of Epstein-Barr Virus

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Source: Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's

Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases Fourth Edition.

Physical Properties

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Epstein-Barr virus has the characteristic morphology of the Herpesviridae family of viruses of which it is a member. By electron microscopy, individual virions are 180–200 nm in diameter and appear as hexagonal nucleocapsids surrounded by a complex envelope. The nucleocapsids are 100 nm in diameter and consist of an orderly array of capsomeres with the 5:3:2 symmetry seen in herpesviruses. 20 EBV DNA is double stranded with a molecular weight of 101 ± 3 X 106 and a buoyant density of 1.718 g/cm in CsCl. 21 The EBV genome encodes about 80 proteins. 22

Biologic Properties

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The host range of the virus is quite limited. In vitro cultivation of the virus has been described only in B lymphocytes and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells of humans and certain nonhuman primates. 23 The virus generally does not produce cytopathic effects in infected cells. After infection by the virus, B lymphocytes that contain the EBV genome are capable of continuous in vitro cultivation, and are termed transformed or immortalized. EBV has been confirmed as the transforming agent by the detection of viral antigens by indirect immunofluorescence within the nuclei of transformed cells or by hybridization of cellular DNA with purified EBV DNA.

Epstein-Barr virus receptors are demonstrable on B lymphocytes and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells of humans and certain nonhuman primates. 24,25 EBV receptors are also present on a smaller proportion of complement receptor–bearing, non-B, non-T lymphocytes. 26-28 The EBV receptor has recently been identified as the receptor for the d region of the third component of complement. 29,30 The C3d receptor (also known as CR2 or CD21), a 145-kD glycoprotein, is encoded by a member of a multiple gene family that specifies a number of cell membrane molecules.

After attachment to the receptor, the virus gains entry to susceptible B lymphocytes. Before the detection of virus-directed protein synthesis, Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens (EBNA) are demonstrable in nuclei of infected cells. 31 At high multiplicities of infection, up to 25 percent of EBV-exposed B lymphocytes express EBNA. 32 Viral DNA synthesis is initiated with the production of multiple copies of the EBV genome. In transformed cells from patients with infectious mononucleosis or Burkitt's lymphoma, some viral DNA may be incorporated into the DNA of the host cell, although most of the DNA remains in a circular nonintegrated form as an episome. Linear integration of EBV DNA into host cell DNA may be enhanced by stimulation of the host cells by B-cell mitogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide at the time of transformation. 33 The host cell gains the property of immortality whether the virus is present in integrated, in episomal, or in a combination of the two forms. 33 Immortalization of B lymphocytes is a complex process that involves a coordinated interplay among a number of viral and host cell gene products. 22,34-42 Latent infection of B cells by EBV is determined by binding of the EBNA-1 protein to a viral promoter termed oriP. EBNA-1 also transactivates the EBNA-2 protein, which, in turn, activates production of two EBV-encoded latent membrane proteins (LMP-1 and -2), as well as several B-cell gene products (CD21, CD23 and c-fgr). LMP-1 activates production of several intercellular adhesion cell proteins (ICAM-1, LFA-1, and LFA-3), as well as an autocrine growth factor for B cells (CD23). LMP-1 may play an important role in EBV-associated oncogenesis in that it morphologically transforms epithelial and B cells, 43 and prevents apoptosis (programmed cell death). 44

Under most culture conditions, 10 percent or fewer of EBV-exposed B lymphocytes form continuous cell lines. 32 After transformation, the host cell replicates, and the progeny cells contain several EBV genocopies in latent form. In addition to viral antigens, EBV-transformed B lymphocytes produce and/or secrete immunoglobulin. 45-48 Although most polyclonally transformed lines produce immunoglobulin of the IgM class, studies of clonally transformed B lymphocytes indicate that EBV is capable of induction of the synthesis of immunoglobulin of the IgG, IgA, or IgM classes. 49

Cell lines that contain EBV genomes are characterized as producer or nonproducer lines. Most of the time, EBV remains in latent form both in vitro in established cell lines and in vivo in circulating lymphocytes. Latent virus can be activated by stimulation of host B cells by certain chemicals, or by antibodies to surface immunoglobulin. 22 Following such stimulation, an immediate early gene of EBV (the EBV BZLF1 gene product or ZEBRA protein) is activated. Expression of this protein leads to a cascade of events culminating in the production of early EBV gene (EA) products responsible for viral replication (thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase), and late (structural) genes of the virus including viral capsid antigens (VCA). Upon induction of early and viral capsid antigens, the virus enters a lytic cycle of infection that results in both the production of progeny virions, and destruction of the host cell.

Epidemiology

Serum Antibody Prevalence

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Antibodies to EBV have been found in all population groups studied, and most studies have shown no predilection for either sex. Antibodies are acquired earlier in life in tropical than in industrialized countries, but by adulthood 90–95 percent of most populations have demonstrable EBV antibodies. 50,51

Two strains of EBV have been defined on the basis of viral gene sequences expressed during latency, and on their ability to transform B lymphocytes. 22 The strains (termed Type 1 [A] or 2 [B]) are not distinguishable serologically, but they do express unique epitopes that are identified by cytotoxic T cells. Although it was initially thought that there were specific geographic distributions for these two strains of EBV, it is now clear that both strains are widely distributed, and that individuals can be co-infected with both strains. In the United States and in Great Britain, EBV seroconversion occurs before the age of 5 in about 50 percent of the population. 51-53 A second wave of seroconversion occurs midway through the second decade of life. EBV seroconversion may occur at a younger average age in the southern United States than in other areas of the country. 54 Lower socioeconomic groups have a higher EBV antibody prevalence than do more affluent age-matched controls. The reported increased prevalence of EBV antibodies among blacks probably reflects this socioeconomic distribution.

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DATA-MEDICOS/DERMAGIC-EXPRESS No (33) 29/01/99 DR. JOSE LAPENTA R.  

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Produced by Dr. José Lapenta R. Dermatologist

Venezuela 1.998-2.024

Producido por Dr. José Lapenta R. Dermatólogo
Venezuela 1.998-2.024

Tlf: 0414-2976087 - 04127766810