REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS / BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

================================================================

1.) TIRIRICA / CYPERUS ROTUNDUS

2.) Table-maker: Phytochemicals of Cyperus rotundus

3.) Cyperus rotundus L. (CYPERACEAE) (SEDGE FAMILY) "Purple nutsedge" "Sa'ad" "hasir" "si'd"

4.) TIRIRICA Cyperus rotundus

5.) BALAKALPAM (PRODUCT NO 1 WITH CYPERUS ROTUNDUS)

6.) HEPATONE (PRODUCT NO 2 WITH CYPERUS ROTUNDUS)

7.) Cyperus rotundus L. / Healthcare Properties

8.) The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing chinese herbs on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats.

9.) Rotundines A-C, three novel sesquiterpene alkaloids from Cyperus rotundus.

10.) Effect of feeding tagernut (Cyperus rotundus, L) meal on the performance of rabbits.

11.) Antimalarial sesquiterpenes from tubers of Cyperus rotundus: structure of

10,12-peroxycalamenene, a sesquiterpene endoperoxide.

12.) [Effects of the combination of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. (AM),Angelica sinensis

(Oliv.) Diels (TAS), Cyperus rotundus L. (CR), Ligusticum chuangxiong Hort (LC) and Peaonia

veitchii lynch (PV) on the

hemorheological changes in "blood stagnating" rats].

13.) [Revision on the type of leaf trace bundles of Cyperus rotundus L].

14.) [Effects of the combination of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. (AM),tail of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. (TAS), Cyperus rotundus L. (CR),Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (LC) and Paeonia veitchii Lynch (PV) on the hemorrheological changes in normal rats].

15.) [Treatment of intestinal metaplasia and atypical hyperplasia of gastric mucosa with xiao wei yan powder].

16.) Monitoring and assessment of mercury pollution in the vicinity of a chloralkali plant. IV. Bioconcentration of mercury in in situ aquatic and terrestrial plants at Ganjam, India.

17.) Antimalarial compounds containing an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl moiety from Tanzanian medicinal plants.

18.) Antimalarial activity of Tanzanian medicinal plants.

19.) Effect of Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus Linn) on reserpine-induced emesis in pigeons.

20.) Pharmacological studies to isolate the active constituents from Cyperus rotundus possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities.

21.) Characterization of ferredoxin from nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L., and other species with a high photosynthetic capacity.

22.) A pharmacological study of Cyperus rotundus.

23.) CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. ROOT OIL

24.) POSSIBILITIES OF SOIL SOLARIZATION FOR THE ERRADICATION OF Cyperus rotundus L. AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF SALINE SOILS

25.) Control Of Nut Grass (Cyperus Rotundus) In Asparagus

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1.) TIRIRICA / CYPERUS ROTUNDUS

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Family: Cyperaceae

Genus: Cyperus

Species: rotundus

Common names: Tirirca, Nutsedge, Tagernut, Hama-Suge,

Hsiang Fu Tzu, Hsiang Fu, Muskezamin, Musta, Mustaka,

Mutha, So Ken Chiu, So Ts'Ao, Souchet, Topalak, Boeai,

Mota, Roekoet teki, Tage-tage, Teki, Woeta,

Parts Used: Root, Rhisome

DESCRIPTION

-------------

Properties/Actions:

Alterative, Analgesic, Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory, Antimalarial,

Antimicrobial, Anti-pyretic, Astringent, Carminative, Demulcent,

Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emmenagogueue, Emollient, Febrifuge, Hypoglycemic,

Hypotensive, Immunostimulant, Nervine, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic, Vermifuge

Phytochemicals:

--------------

1,8-cineole, 4alpha,5alpha-oxidoeudesm-11-en-3-alpha-ol, Alkaloids,

Alpha-cyperone, Alpha-rotunol, Beta-cyperone, Beta-pinene, Beta-rotunol,

Beta-selinene, Calcium, Camphene, Copaene, Cyperene, Cyperenone, Cyperol,

Cyperolone Cyperotundone D-copadiene, D-epoxyguaiene, D-fructose,

D-glucose, Eo, Flavonoids, Gamma-cymene, Isocyperol, Isokobusone, Kobusone,

Limonene, Linoleic-acid, Linolenic-acid, Magnesium, Manganese, Mustakone,

Myristic-acid, Oleanolic-acid, Oleanolic-acid-3-o-neohesperidoside,

Oleic-acid, P-cymol, Patchoulenone, Pectin, Polyphenols, Rotundene,

Rotundenol, Rotundone, Selinatriene, Sitosterol, Stearic-acid, Sugeonol,

Sugetriol

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Country ETHNOBOTANY WORLDWIDE USES

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China Abdomen, Ache(Head), Ache(Stomach), Amenorrhea, Anodyne, Aphrodisiac, Bactericide,

Bladder, Cancer(Cervix), Chest, Circulation, Congestion, Deobstruent, Depression, Diarrhea,

Dysmenorrhea, Dyspepsia, Emmenagogueue, Energy, Gastralgia, Hemicrania, Impotency,

Lactogogue, Menoxenia, Metritis, Metroxenia, Side, Stomachic, Tonic, Trauma, Virility, Vulnerary

Egypt Astringent, Bite(Scorpion), Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Dyspepsia, Emmenagogue, Emollient,

Fever, Stomachic, Ulcer, Vermifuge

Elsewhere Analgesic, Astringent, Bowel, Cold, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Fever, Fungistatic, Hair-Tonic,

Hypertension, Inflammation, Medicine, Perfume, Stomach, Tranquilizer, Vasodilator

India Astringent, Bowel, Stomach, Tumor(Abdomen), Vermifuge

Japan Anodyne, Emmenagogueue, Wound

Java Diuretic, Edema, Felon, Gravel, Leucorrhea, Sore, Stone, Whitlow

Sudan Astringent, Diaphoretic, Dyspepsia, Fever

Turkey Alterative, Astringent, Carminative, Demulcent, Diuretic, Emmenagogueue, Lactogogue,

Perfume, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic, Vermifuge

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2.) Table-maker: Phytochemicals of Cyperus rotundus

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Chemical Part Amount (ppm) Low (ppm) High (ppm)

1,8-CINEOLE Root

4ALPHA,5ALPHA-OXIDOEUDESM-11-EN-3-ALPHA-OL Rhizome

ALKALOIDS Root 2,100 2,400

ALPHA-CYPERONE Root 1,500 5,000

ALPHA-ROTUNOL Root

ARSENIC Rhizome 0.29

ASCORBIC-ACID Root 90

BETA-CYPERONE Rhizome

BETA-PINENE Root

BETA-ROTUNOL Root

BETA-SELINENE Root

CALCIUM Rhizome 3,180

CAMPHENE Root

COPAENE Root

COPPER Rhizome 10

CYPERENE Essential Oil

CYPERENONE Essential Oil

CYPEROL Essential Oil

CYPEROLONE Rhizome

CYPEROTUNDONE Essential Oil

D-COPADIENE Root

D-EPOXYGUAIENE Root

D-FRUCTOSE Root

D-GLUCOSE Root

EO Root 5,000 10,000

FLAVONOIDS Root 12,500

GAMMA-CYMENE Root

IRON Rhizome 430

ISOCYPEROL Rhizome

ISOKOBUSONE Rhizome

KOBUSONE Rhizome

LIMONENE Essential Oil

LINOLEIC-ACID Rhizome

LINOLENIC-ACID Rhizome

MAGNESIUM Rhizome 1,500

MANGANESE Rhizome 28

MUSTAKONE Root

MYRISTIC-ACID Rhizome

OLEANOLIC-ACID Tuber

OLEANOLIC-ACID-3-O-NEOHESPERIDOSIDE Tuber

OLEIC-ACID Rhizome

P-CYMOL Root

PATCHOULENONE Rhizome

PECTIN Root 37,200

POLYPHENOLS Root 16,200

POTASSIUM Rhizome 10,100

RESIN Root 42,100

ROTUNDENE Root

ROTUNDENOL Root

ROTUNDONE Root

SELINATRIENE Root

SITOSTEROL Root

SODIUM Rhizome 254

STARCH Root 92,000

STEARIC-ACID Rhizome

SUGARS Root 132,200 144,000

SUGENOL Rhizome

SUGEONOL Rhizome

SUGETRIOL Rhizome

ZINC Rhizome 33

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3.) Cyperus rotundus L. (CYPERACEAE) (SEDGE FAMILY)

"Purple nutsedge" "Sa'ad" "hasir" "si'd"

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source: Ghazanfar, S.A. 1994. CRC Handbook of Arabian Medicinal Plants. CRC

Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. 265 pp.

Properties/Actions:

Anthelmintic, diuretic, febrifuge, galactagogue. Earache, bee stings,

bites, dysmenorrhea.

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4.) TIRIRICA Cyperus rotundus

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Properties/Actions:

Abdomen, Ache(Head), Ache(Stomach), Alterative, Amenorrhea, Analgesic,

Anodyne, Aphrodisiac, Astringent, Bactericide, Bite(Scorpion), Bladder,

Bowel, Cancer(Cervix), Carminative, Chest, Circulation, Cold, Congestion,

Demulcent, Depression, Diaphoretic, Diarrhea, Diuretic, Dysmenorrhea,

Dyspepsia, Edema, Emmenagogueue, Emollient, Energy, Fever, Fungistatic,

Gastralgia, Gravel, Hair-Tonic, Hemicrania, Hypertension, Impotency,

Inflammation, Lactogogue, Leucorrhea, Medicine, Menoxenia, Metritis,

Metroxenia, Perfume, Side, Sore, Stimulant, Stomach, Stomachic, Stone,

Tonic, Tranquilizer, Trauma, Tumor(Abdomen), Ulcer, Vasodilator, Vermifuge,

Virility, Wound

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5.) BALAKALPAM (PRODUCT NO 1 WITH CYPERUS ROTUNDUS)

=============================================

Offers strong defence for infants and children. specially designed to

improve appetite, help digestion, stimulate growth in infants and children,

relieves constipation, corrects liver, protects liver, stimulates liver.

Takes care of all causative factors of infantile problems like abdominal

pain, colic spasms, fever, worms, diarrhoea, vomiting, distention of

abdomen, retention of urine, cold and bronchitis. Prevents nausea, vomiting

and infantile regurgitation.

INDICATION:

Complete tonic for children. Stomachic, laxative hepatic tonic & an

effective anthelmintic. Relieves cold, bronchitis, nausea, vomiting and

infantile regurgitation.

COMPOSITION : Each 15 ml is prepared out of.1

Cyperus rotundus Linn(Mustha) 750 mg

2 Aegele marmelos cor(Bilva) 500 mg

3 Nelumbo speciosa(Aravinda) 750 mg

4 Emblica officinalis(Amlaki) 500 mg

5 Vitis cinifera Linn(Draksha) 750 mg

6 Piper longum Linn(Pippali) 750 mg

7 Sida cordifolia Linn(Bala) 500 mg

8 Trachyspermum ammi roxb(Ajamoda) 750 mg

9 Eclipta alba Linn(Bringaraja) 750 mg

10 Myristica fragrans Houtt(Jatipatra) 250 mg

11 Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume(Tvak) 250 mg

12 Elettaria cardamomum Maton(Ela) 250 mg

13 Mesua ferrea Linn(Nagakessara) 250 mg

14 Pogostemon sp.(Patra) 250 mg

15 Boerhaavia diffusa Linn(Punarnava) 500 mg

16 Tribulus terrestris Linn(Gokshura) 500 mg

17 Jaggery(Guda) 1250 mg

18 Honey(Madhu) 750 mg

DOSAGE: 2 teaspoons full twice or thrice a day or as directed by the

physician.

PRESENTATION: 200ml bottle pack.

PRODUCT EFFICACY:

A complete paediatric tonic.

Very safe and non habit forming.

Has anthelmintic properties.

Controls purges and tropical sprue.

Prevents nausea and vomiting.

Prevents infantile regurgitation.

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6.) HEPATONE (PRODUCT NO 2 WITH CYPERUS ROTUNDUS)

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A Hepato corrective, Hepato stimulant & Hepato protective, Hepatone offers

hepato protection through conservation of glutathione, the main protective

intracellular Sulfhydryl peptide of the hepatocytes. Maintains the Hepatic

parenchyma in healthy state, helps to regulate liver function like

detoxification of metabolic products hepato-toxins, prothrombin,

coagulation of blood, SGPT levels and albumin-globulin ratio etc., corrects

the impaired function within the liver, and also related manifestations

from poor appetite to stunted growth to chronic constipation.

INDICATION:

Viral Hepatitis, Liver-Cirrhosis, Infective hepatitis, Hepatitis with or

without jaundice, constipation, anorexia, stunted growth, malnutrition & as

a hepatic stimulant.

COMPOSITION : Each 10 ml is prepared out of.1 Desmodium trifloum

DC(Hamsapathi) 100 mg

2 Coriandrum sativum Linn(Dhanyaka) 100 mg

3 Zingiber officianale(Sunthi) 100 mg

4 Piper nigrum Linn(Maricha) 100 mg

5 Piper longum Linn(Pippali) 50 mg

6 Plumbago rosea Linn(Chitraka) 50 mg

7 Cyperus rotundus Linn(Mustha) 50 mg

8 Piper cubea Lin(Sugandha Maricha) 50 mg

9 Cuminum cyminum Linn(Jiraka) 20 mg

10 Phyllanthus amarus(Bhumya malaki) 20 mg

11 Picrorhiza kurroa Royle Ex Benth(Kutki) 20 mg

DOSAGE: 1-2 teaspoon twice/thrice daily or as directed by the physician.

PRESENTATION: Net 200ml & 100ml bottle packing syrup form.

PRODUCT EFFICACY:

A prohylactic and therapeutic treatment for liver.

Corrects liver cell insufficiency, protects liver cell efficiency.

Improves appetite and digestion.

Treats constipation.

Promotes growth.

Acts as a cholagouge

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7.) Cyperus rotundus L. / Healthcare Properties

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CYPERACEAE

Local Names: Mutha (Oriya), Bathakanda (Bhumia), Matasola (Kandha)

Description of the Plant: Herb. Flowers in July / August. Frequently occurs in plains and rarely

occurs in hilly areas.

Plant Parts Used: Tuber.

Healthcare Properties:

----------------------

Asthma: Boil with ghee the tuber of Cyperus rotundus (25 g), the seeds of Piper nigrum (21 no), the

ginger (10 g), clove (5 g) and cumin seeds (5 g) for few minutes, then cool it to become a paste.

Take 10 ml of this paste each time thrice daily for 5 days with a little honey. (S-23) [OR-3-3-238]

Headache: Grind the tuber of Cyperus rotundus into a paste. Apply this paste on forehead only once

to relief from headache. (G-13) [OR-1-3-457]

Skin diseases (Itches or vagina): Grind the tuber of Cyperus rotundus (25 g) into a paste. Apply this

paste on Itches area hear vagina once daily for 3 to 4 days. (D-4) [OR-2-2-1338]

Sores on head: Grind all the following into a paste: the tuber of Cyperus rotundus (25 g), the leaves

and the tender leaves of Terminalia bellirica. Apply this paste on head before taking bath once daily

for 3 days. (D-4) [OR-2-2-1338] (or) Grind the tuber of Cyperus rotundus (25 g) into a paste.

Apply this paste on head twice daily for 3 to 4 days. (F-1) [OR-3-3-177]

Worm infection: Grind together the leaves of Cyperus rotundus (7 no) with the entire plant of Cyper

rotundus (3 no) into a paste. Make tablets with this paste. Take one tablet each time orally thrice

daily for one to two days. (K-15) [OR-1-6-686]

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8.) The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing chinese herbs on

scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats.

============================================================

Phytother Res 2000 Aug;14(5):375-7 Related Articles, Books

Hsieh MT, Peng WH, Wu CR, Wang WH

Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College,

Taiwan, R.O.C.

Ameliorating effects were investigated of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese

herbs administered orally for 1 week-Panax ginseng (PG), Panax notoginseng

(PNG), Dioscorea opposita (DO), Gastrodia elata (GE), Salvia miltiorrhiza

(SM), Acorus gramineus (AG), Coptis chinensis (CC), Polygonum multiflorum

(PM), Cyperus rotundus (CR) and Psoralea corylifolia (PC)-on the

scopolamine (SCOP)-induced amnesia by using a passive avoidance task in

rats. Of ten Chinese herbs, only PG, PNG, GE and CC prolonged the

SCOP-shortened STL. These results revealed that PG, PNG GE and CC

administered orally for 1 week improved the SCOP-induced learning and

memory deficit in rats. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

============================================================

9.) Rotundines A-C, three novel sesquiterpene alkaloids from Cyperus rotundus.

============================================================

J Nat Prod 2000 May;63(5):673-5 Related Articles, Books, LinkOut

Jeong SJ, Miyamoto T, Inagaki M, Kim YC, Higuchi R

Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,

812-8582, Japan.

Rotundines A (1), B (2), and C (3), three novel sesquiterpene alkaloids

with an unprecedented carbon skeleton, were isolated from the rhizomes of

Cyperus rotundus. The structures of 1-3 were elucidated by spectral and

chemical methods.

============================================================

10.) Effect of feeding tagernut (Cyperus rotundus, L) meal on the performance of rabbits.

============================================================

Trop Anim Health Prod 1997 Feb;29(1):60-2 Related Articles, Books

Bamgbose AM, Nwokoro SO, Kudi AC, Bogoro S, Egbo ML, Kushwaha S

School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.

============================================================

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11.) Antimalarial sesquiterpenes from tubers of Cyperus rotundus: structure of

10,12-peroxycalamenene, a sesquiterpene endoperoxide.

============================================================

Phytochemistry 1995 Sep;40(1):125-8 Related Articles, Books

Thebtaranonth C, Thebtaranonth Y, Wanauppathamkul S, Yuthavong Y

National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand.

Activity-guided investigation of Cyperus rotundus tubers led to the

isolation of patchoulenone, caryophyllene alpha-oxide,

10,12-peroxycalamenene and 4,7-dimethyl-1-tetralone. The antimalarial

activities of these compounds are in the range of EC50 10(-4)-10(-6) M,

with the novel endoperoxide sesquiterpene, 10,12-peroxycalamenene,

exhibiting the strongest effect at EC50 2.33 x 10(-6) M.

============================================================

12.) [Effects of the combination of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. (AM),Angelica sinensis

(Oliv.) Diels (TAS), Cyperus rotundus L. (CR), Ligusticum chuangxiong Hort (LC) and Peaonia

veitchii lynch (PV) on the

hemorheological changes in "blood stagnating" rats].

============================================================

Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 1994 Feb;19(2):108-10, 128 Related Articles,

Books

[Article in Chinese]

Xue JX, Yan YQ, Jiang Y

Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical

University, Nanjing.

The "blood stagnating" rat model was built with adrenaline and cold

stimulation. Its hemorrheological character was an increase in the

viscosity, thickness and liability to coagulate. The experimental result

showed that AM and TAS could decrease the whole blood specific viscosity,

but at the same time increase the plasma specific viscosity. The

qi-regulating drug CR and two blood-activating drugs LC and PV could

improve the hemorrheological changes in "blood stagnating" rats. The

combination of qi-regulating drugs and blood-activating drugs had more

favorable effect.

============================================================

13.) [Revision on the type of leaf trace bundles of Cyperus rotundus L].

============================================================

Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 1993 Nov;18(11):648-50, 702

[Article in Chinese]

Zhou FQ, Si M, Li JX

Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Shandong College of TCM, Jinan.

============================================================

============================================================

14.) [Effects of the combination of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. (AM),tail of Angelica

sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. (TAS), Cyperus rotundus L. (CR),Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (LC) and

Paeonia veitchii Lynch (PV) on the

hemorrheological changes in normal rats].

============================================================

Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 1993 Oct;18(10):621-3, 640 Related Articles,

Books

[Article in Chinese]

Xue JX, Jiang Y, Yan YQ

Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical

University, Nanjing.

The results showed that AM and TAS had significant effects of enriching the

blood. CR, a Qi-regulating drug, LC and PV, two blood-activating drugs,

could improve all hemorrheological indexes, such as the whole blood

specific viscosity, the plasma specific viscosity, erythrocyte

electrophoresis, etc. The combination of Qi-regulating drug and

blood-activating drug displayed more favorable effect. This experiment has

provided some pharmacological evidence for the theory of "Qi Xue Xiang

Guan" (correlation of vital energy with blood circulation) in traditional

Chinese medicine.

============================================================

15.) [Treatment of intestinal metaplasia and atypical hyperplasia of gastric

mucosa with xiao wei yan powder].

============================================================

Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1992 Oct;12(10):602-3, 580 Related

Articles, Books, LinkOut

[Article in Chinese]

Liu XR, Han WQ, Sun DR

Qingdao TCM-WM Hospital.

138 cases of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and 104 cases of atypical

hyperplasia (AH) of the gastric mucosa of chronic gastritis treated with

Xiao Wei Yan Powder (XWYP) were reported. The diagnoses were based on the

pathological examination of gastric antrum biopsy specimens. The cases were

randomly divided into treated group and control group. The XWYP contained

Smilax glabrae, Hedyotis diffusae, Taraxacum mongolicum, Caesalpinia

sappan, Paeonia alba, Cyperus rotundus, Bletilla striata, Glycyrrhiza

uralensis etc., and was prepared in powder form, taken orally 5-7g tid.

After 2-4 months of administration, gastroscopic and pathological

examinations were repeated. Results: In treated group, the total effective

rate of IM was 91.3% and that of the AH was 92.16%, while in control group,

they were 21.3% and 14.46% respectively (P < 0.01). It denoated that XWYP

had marked therapeutic effects for IM and AH. The animal experiments

revealed no toxic effect, so safety guarantee was provided for its clinical

application.

============================================================

16.) Monitoring and assessment of mercury pollution in the vicinity of a

chloralkali plant. IV. Bioconcentration of mercury in in situ aquatic and

terrestrial plants at Ganjam, India.

============================================================

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1992 Feb;22(2):195-202 Related Articles, Books,

LinkOut

Lenka M, Panda KK, Panda BB

Department of Botany, Berhampur University, India.

In situ aquatic and terrestrial plants including a few vegetable and crop

plants growing in and around a chloralkali plant at Ganjam, India were

analyzed for concentrations of root and shoot mercury. The aquatic plants

found to bioconcentrate mercury to different degrees included Marsilea

spp., Spirodela polyrhiza, Jussiea repens, Paspalum scrobiculatam, Pistia

stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Hygrophila schulli, Monochoria hastata

and Bacopa monniera. Among wild terrestrial plants Chloris barbata, Cynodon

dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and Croton bonplandianum were found growing on

heavily contaminated soil containing mercury as high as 557 mg/kg. Analysis

of mercury in root and shoot of these plants in relation to the mercury

levels in soil indicated a significant correlation between soil and plant

mercury with the exception of C. bonplandianum. Furthermore, the tolerance

to mercury toxicity was highest with C. barbata followed by C. dactylon and

C. rotundus, in that order. The rice plants analyzed from the surrounding

agricultural fields did not show any significant levels of bioconcentrated

mercury. Of the different vegetables grown in a contaminated kitchen garden

with mercury level at 8.91 mg/kg, the two leafy vegetables, namely cabbage

(Brassica oleracea) and amaranthus (Amaranthus oleraceous), were found to

bioconcentrate mercury at statistically significant levels. The overall

study indicates that the mercury pollution is very much localized to the

specific sites in the vicinity of the chloralkali plant.

============================================================

17.) Antimalarial compounds containing an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl moiety from Tanzanian

medicinal plants.

============================================================

Planta Med 1990 Aug;56(4):371-3 Related Articles, Books

Weenen H, Nkunya MH, Bray DH, Mwasumbi LB, Kinabo LS, Kilimali VA, Wijnberg JB

Department of Chemistry, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Pure compounds were isolated from plant extracts with antimalarial

activity. The extracts were obtained from the tubers of Cyperus rotundus L.

(Cyperaceae), the rootbark of Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild) Waterm.

(Rutaceae), and the rootbark of Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster

(Euphorbiaceae). The most active compounds included (IC50 within brackets):

alpha-cyperone (1) (5.5 micrograms/ml), N-isobutyldeca-2,4-dienamide (2)

(5.4 micrograms/ml), and securinine (3) (5.4 micrograms/ml). A mixture of

autoxidation products of beta-selinene was found to be the most active

antimalarial substances obtained from C. rotundus (5.6 micrograms/ml.

============================================================

18.) Antimalarial activity of Tanzanian medicinal plants.

============================================================

Planta Med 1990 Aug;56(4):368-70 Related Articles, Books

Weenen H, Nkunya MH, Bray DH, Mwasumbi LB, Kinabo LS, Kilimali VA

Department of Chemistry, Unversity of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Tanzanian medicinal plants were extracted and tested for in vitro

antimalarial activity, using the multidrug resistant K1 strain of

Plasmodium falciparum. Of 49 plants investigated, extracts of three plants

were found to have an IC50 between 5-10 micrograms/ml, extracts of 18 other

plants showed an IC50 between 10 and 50 micrograms/ml, all others were less

active. The three most active extracts were obtained from the tubers of

Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae), the rootbark of Hoslundia opposita Vahl.

(Labiatae), and the rootbark of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae).

============================================================

19.) Effect of Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus Linn) on reserpine-induced emesis in pigeons.

============================================================

Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1988 Jul-Sep;32(3):229-30 Related Articles,

Books, LinkOut

Shinde S, Phadke S, Bhagwat AW

Publication Types:

Letter

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20.) Pharmacological studies to isolate the active constituents from Cyperus

rotundus possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities.

============================================================

Indian J Med Res 1971 Jan;59(1):76-82 Related Articles, Books

Gupta MB, Palit TK, Singh N, Bhargava KP

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21.) Characterization of ferredoxin from nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L., and

other species with a high photosynthetic capacity.

============================================================

Arch Biochem Biophys 1970 Dec;141(2):676-89 Related Articles, Books

Lee SS, Travis J, Black CC Jr

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22.) A pharmacological study of Cyperus rotundus.

============================================================

Indian J Med Res 1970 Jan;58(1):103-9 Related Articles, Books

Singh N, Kulshrestha VK, Gupta MB, Bhargava KP

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23.) CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. ROOT OIL

============================================================

Synonyms : CYPERIOL (CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. OIL); CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. ROOT

OIL; CYPERUS ROOT OIL (CYPERUS ROTUNDUS); CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. OIL;

CYPERUS OIL (CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. OIL);

Odor Description : Woody Cassie Boronia Violet Tea

Appearence : Amber Viscous Liquid

NAFTA H. # : 3301.29.6000

FEMA # : 0

Specific Gravity : N/A

Refractive Index : N/A

Melting Point : N/A

Boiling Point : N/A

Blends Well With : Clove Bud; Clary Sage; Oakmoss; Mimosa; Violet;

Soluble in : ;

Insoluble in : ;

Some Perfumery Uses : ;

Back to Information List. Information Only. Not offered by TGSC.

Description : Among the other Cyperus species which grow in tropical and semi tropical regions all

over the world, only a few have caught the perfumer's interest: Oil of Cyperus Rotundus is steam

distilled from the rootlets of a grass which grows in China, India, Japan and scattered over parts of

Sudan south of Sahara. Cyperus Rotundus Oil is a yellowish or amber to dark orange brown or pale

yellow brown viscous liquid. Its odor is quite interesting. The topnote is almost woody, resembling

cassie and boronia with a violet like or tea like Warmth. The odor becomes drier and more woody,

borneole like, camphor like but it remains faintly floral throughout the long lasting dryout. There are

some facts which confirm the possibility of confusion of this oil With vetiver oil from certain parts of

Africa.

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24.) POSSIBILITIES OF SOIL SOLARIZATION FOR THE ERRADICATION OF Cyperus

rotundus L. AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF SALINE SOILS

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E. LÓPEZ. Servicio de Investigación Agraria. DGA.

Apdo 727. E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain.

Soil solarization has proved to be an effective non-chemical soil desinfection method in different

areas of the world. Lack of water and unsuitable climate are the most important constraints in its use.

The possibility of soil solarization in irrigated areas of the Ebro Valley (Spain) was assessed from soil

temperature data.

The use of Fourier Analysis, a mathematical method for the study of periodic phenomena, provided

good predictions of soil temperature in solarized soils during 1991 to 1994. The sinusoidal equations

obtained with the data of the first week of solarization allowed the estimation temperatures for the

studied solarization periods at 10 and 20 cm depths. The validity of these sinusoidal equations for

representing the observed temperature data of the total solarization period was also demonstrated.

The effect of soil solarization, alone or combined with an application of glyphosate, on the control of

Cyperus rotundus was also investigated in naturally infested soils in the Ebro Valley. In those

experiments solarization increased the average hourly temperatures to 10-14 ºC, 12 ºC and 6 ºC at

10, 20 and 30 cm soil depths respectively. In 1991, soil solarization for 11 weeks controlled several

weed species, but not C. rotundus. In this year the application of glyphosate at 720 g/ha after soil

solarization reduced purple nutsedge density by 87.5 %, but the reduction was only of 30.5 % if the

soil was not previously solarized. In the 1993 experiment, solarization for either 6 or 10 weeks

reduced nutsedge density by 79 % and 76 %, one and 10 months after the end of soil solarization

treatments, respectively. The postemergence application of glyphosate did not improve purple

nutsedge control in the solarized plots. Experiments carried out in artificially infested microplots with

C. rotundus showed that solarization for one or two months delayed the development of new

tubers.

The effect of soil solarization on the salinization of soils subjected to shallow saline groundwaters was

also studied. The experiment was conducted in ferroconcrete microplots in which a static water table

was imposed at a depth of 60 cm from the soil surface. In 1993, the EC values in the 0-50 cm

profile at the end of the solarization period were not different if the soil was solarized for one or two

months, but these EC values were 50 % lower than those from non-solarized plots. In 1994,

differences between the treatments were higher, resulting in a significant reduction of salinity in

solarized soils. This fact allowed a great increase in the yield of Borago officinalis L. grown in the

solarized plots after the solarization period.

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25.) Control Of Nut Grass (Cyperus Rotundus) In Asparagus

============================================================

P. Sanders and A. Rahman AgResearch, Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre, Hamilton

ABSTRACT

Several herbicides were tested for selective control of nut grass in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)

over two growing seasons. The soil residual herbicides terbuthylazine, terbumeton, hexazinone,

diuron or their mixtures had little effect against nut grass when applied pre-emergence. EPTC

delayed emergence of nut grass for up to 8 weeks, with no suppressive effect after that. Norflurazon

caused considerable phytotoxic damage on the leaves but gave only a small reduction in plant

numbers. Bromacil reduced plant numbers and tuber production to low levels. The addition of

glyphosate or imazapyr at the end of the asparagus harvest season improved control of nut grass

compared with bromacil pre-emergence used alone. Not all herbicides tested are registered on

asparagus.

Keywords: asparagus, chemical control, Cyperus rotundus, nut grass, nutsedge

INTRODUCTION

Described by Holm et al. (1977) as the world’s worst weed, nut grass (Cyperus rotundus) has not

had a big impact on cropping in New Zealand until recently. This weed is a sedge, native to India,

and is often known by names of nutsedge or purple nutsedge. The plant has dark green leaves and a

triangular stem that carries the terminal loose umbel inflorescence which is reddish to purple brown in

colour. The fibrous root system with its extensively branching slender rhizomes gives rise to the

important characteristic feature of the plant viz. the many tubers that develop at 5 - 25 cm intervals

along the rhizomes. The tubers are usually found in the top 15 cm of the soil profile but can be as

deep as 40 cm. Seed production can occur but is thought to be very rarely responsible for the

spread of the weed.

Nut grass was first recorded in New Zealand by Cheeseman in 1883 and is now distributed

throughout most of the North Island from Northland to Wellington and also Nelson and Motueka

(Healy and Edgar 1980). Hilgendorf (1948) described some early North Auckland orchards as

being ruined by this weed. In recent years nut grass has spread into the arable lands of the Bay of

Plenty, particularly affecting maize crops, and in some asparagus crops in the Hawkes Bay and

Waikato. The spread is associated with the movement of tubers and appears to have been abetted

by the use of contract growing of field crops with large machines travelling from site to site. Nut

grass is capable of vigorous competition in all crops resulting in large losses of yield (Holm et al.

1977). Nut grass has demonstrated allelopathic properties in some trials, but these have not been

widely observed in the field (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992).

Residual herbicides such as bromacil, EPTC and norfluazon are known to provide some control of

nut grass (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992; Sheinbaum 1985). New Zealand is one of the few

asparagus production areas world wide using bromacil as a selective herbicide (Rahman and

Sanders 1983). Several other selective and non-selective herbicides have been used overseas with

varying success for control of nut grass (Hawton et al. 1992; Paxman et al. 1985; Siriwardana and

Nishimoto 1987). This paper describes our results with some promising herbicide treatments for

control of nut grass in asparagus over the last two growing seasons

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The trial site was in a 10 year old block of asparagus cv. UC157 located near Matamata. A severe

infestation of nut grass had developed over the entire block, possibly originating from an earlier

infested maize crop. Winter cultivation to bury asparagus fern trash and for general weed control

(and inadvertent spread of nut grass) had been done each year for the life of the crop except for the

winter of 1994. Thus soil disturbance which may have affected weeds and tuber distribution within

the soil profile, did not take place during the trial period.

Selective herbicides available for use in asparagus were reviewed and, from this list, potential

treatments were selected for comparison with standard residual herbicides (Table 1) viz. bromacil

(Hyvar), bromacil + diuron (Krovar 1), terbuthylazine + terbumeton (Caragard) and terbuthylazine +

diuron (Fenican). Additional treatments were EPTC, (Eradicane Super), hexazinone (Velpar),

imazapyr (Arsenal), glyphosate (Roundup) and norflurazon (Solicam). Treatments were applied

either as crop pre-emergence only (first week of September 1993 and 1994) or as a close up

treatment (end of asparagus harvesting and beginning of fern stage) in December 1993 and 1994. All

treatments applied at close up had a pre-emergence application of bromacil at 1.6 kg/ha for general

weed control at the start of each harvesting season.

Herbicides were applied with a precision plot sprayer in 300 litres/ha water at a pressure of 215

kPa. Plot size was 6 x 6 m and there were four replicates in a randomised block design. Regular

assessments were made of phytotoxic damage to nut grass shoots, ground cover and initiation of

flowering. Plant density of plots was determined by plant counts in 0.1 m2 quadrats at two randomly

selected sites. At the end of the season, fern stems were counted (three rows of 2 m each) to assess

treatment effects on the asparagus. After the nut grass foliage had died back and the ferns were

mulched, two soil samples were collected (31.5.94) from each plot to a depth of 300 mm using a 75

mm diameter corer. The numbers and dry weight of tubers were measured from the washed

samples.

Other competitive weeds present in the trial area were controlled with herbicides known to have no

significant effect on either nut grass or asparagus.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The terbuthylazine/diuron mixture showed little or no effect on the growth of nut grass (Table 1), and

is used in this trial for comparative purposes as the treatment that provided the least control.

TABLE 1: Number of nut grass plants/m2 counted at various times in the two growing seasons of

the trial.

Treatment (Pre-E) Rate First Second

(kg ai/ha) growing season growing season

30.11.93 12.1.94 5.4.94 17.11.94 13.1.95 14.3.95

----------------------------------------------------

terbuthylazine/ 2.6/2.6 550 2000 1241 1649 1013 1994

diuron

norflurazon 4.0 283 1625 916 804 796 1163

EPTC 6.0 72 1500 968 869 305 465

bromacil/diuron 2.4/2.4 370 538 603 320 351 389

bromacil 1.6 222 243 343 235 388 581

bromacil 4.0 237 328 364 134 85 104

bromacil/ 1.6/2.16 267 105 244 138 93 108

glyphosatea

bromacil/imazapyra 1.6/0.25 277 48 143 119 131 15

imazapyr 0.6 32 58 94 114 368 734

SED 122 179 150 200 113 152

---------------------------------------------------

a Treatment applied at close up (December).

Hexazinone, the low rate of norflurazon (2 kg/ha) and the mixture of terbuthylazine plus terbumeton

also had little effect on nut grass and are not tabulated. Norflurazon, which has provided satisfactory

control of yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus) in asparagus in USA (Agamalian 1995), gave only a

minor reduction in the growth of nut grass resulting in plant numbers of about 50% of the

terbuthylazine/diuron mixture (Table 1) and ground cover approaching 100% towards the end of

both growing seasons (Table 2). Norflurazon in mixture with a low rate of glyphosate (1.44 kg/ha)

applied at close up (not tabulated) also did not provide long term control. EPTC restricted plant

establishment until the beginning of November, but its effects disappeared afterwards, resulting in

complete ground cover by the end of the season (Table 2). Poor weed control by the EPTC

treatment combined with its poor activity against nut grass resulted in a serious weed problem and

high numbers of nut grass. Application of EPTC at close up was also evaluated (not tabulated). It

resulted in a small reduction in plant numbers, ground cover and tuber numbers, but the mechanical

process of incorporating the EPTC was impractical and also caused some crop damage.

TABLE 2: Ground cover (%) of nut grass at various times in the two growing seasons and the

numbers and dry weight of tubers from soil samples.

Treatment Rate Nut grass ground cover (%) Tuber

(Pre-E) (kg ai/ha) First season Second season (No./) (g/m2)

23.12.93 5.4.94 12.12.94 14.3.95 31.5.94 31.5.94

---------------------------------------------------

terbuthylazine/ 2.6/2.6 86 100 94 100 4980 1117

diuron

norflurazon 4.0 55 98 73 100 2490 550

EPTC 6.0 38 100 70 100 4103 877

bromacil/diuron 2.4/2.4 45 76 40 68 2688 515

bromacil 1.6 25 45 40 75 2066 429

bromacil 4.0 28 35 17 16 1839 306

bromacil/ 1.6/2.16 8 38 26 15 1302 218

glyphosatea

bromacil/ 1.6/0.25 15 23 25 1 1669 342

imazapyra

imazapyr 0.6 2 8 15 96 2094 447

SED 10 15 10 11 930 195

a Treatment applied at close up (December).

Imazapyr applied pre-emergence reduced nut grass plant numbers and ground cover in the first

season to about 10% of that recorded in the terbuthylazine/diuron treatment, but tuber numbers at

the end of the season were still relatively high (Table 2). Efficacy of this treatment was much lower in

the second season as shown by plant numbers (Table 1) and ground cover (Table 2) data recorded

on 14.3.95. However, use of imazapyr at close up over bromacil treatment applied pre-emergence

was very effective in reducing the plant density and ground cover of nut grass. It must be mentioned

here that imazapyr is not registered for use in any food crop as yet and is known to kill asparagus

plants on contact with the foliage.

Bromacil as a pre-emergence treatment showed a good level of suppressive activity against nut grass

during the season, reducing plant numbers to less than half that of the terbuthylazine/diuron mixture.

The highest rate of 4.0 kg/ha provided the best results overall. Control of nut grass by bromacil was

augmented with the post emergence use of glyphosate at close up. A single application of glyphosate

at 2.16 kg/ha applied in December was better than split applications at 1.44 kg/ha applied in

November and again in December (not tabulated). However a few new plants continued to emerge

after each application. The treatments that provided good control of nut grass were even more

effective in the second season after the repeat treatment application. Number and dry weight of

tubers in winter were strongly correlated (R=0.92) between the two parameters. There was also a

high correlation of tuber weights with plant numbers counted on 17.11.94 (R=0.72) and with the nut

grass ground cover assessment made on 12.12.94 (R=0.72).

The time at which nut grass flowering starts is indicative of the stress the plants are under. Flowering

had not started by 12.1.94 in plots treated with imazapyr or in 31 of the 32 plots which received

pre-emergence treatment of bromacil. In the second season also, flowering was delayed by the

highest rate of bromacil (4.0 kg/ha) and the two treatments in which glyphosate had been applied

post-emergence. Leaf damage varied over the season with plant density, age and cold weather.

There were effects following application of treatments which were usually short lived until new plants

established. Only the norflurazon treatments caused damage in the form of yellowing of the leaves

which lasted for the season, although it did not seriously affect the growth of nut grass (Table 3).

TABLE 3: Percentage of nut grass leaf damage at various times and the numbers of asparagus fern

stems counted/10 m of row length.

Treatment Rate Nut grass damage (%) Ferns

(Pre-E) (kg ai/ha) First season Second season (No./10 m)

30.11.93 12.1.94 12.12.94 13.1.95 30.5.94 3.5.95

terbuthylazine/ 2.6/2.6 1 0 25 53 112 153

diuron

norflurazon 4.0 65 18 78 63 144 166

EPTC 6.0 1 0 35 89 99 119

bromacil/diuron 2.4/2.4 23 0 55 16 163 209

bromacil 1.6 30 0 26 8 163 164

bromacil 4.0 46 10 75 18 170 245

bromacil/ 1.6/2.16 26 0 31 65 190 164

glyphosatea

bromacil/ 1.6/0.25 28 23 23 79 171 177

imazapyra

imazapyr 0.6 5 4 23 0 208 181

SED 7 11 10 9 29 32

----------------------------------------------

a Treatment applied at close up (December).

Fern stem counts were made near the end of each season to check the effects of treatments on the

asparagus crop (Table 3). The combination of poor control of nut grass and poor overall weed

control by EPTC affected the crop to give the lowest fern counts. High fern numbers on 30.5.94

were recorded in treatments that had good weed control, eg. the two high rates of bromacil which

were quite effective on nut grass. Fern numbers (30.5.94) were highly negatively correlated with the

nut grass ground cover (R= -0.67) and plant numbers (R= -0.61) (5.4.94).

Results from this study show good activity on nut grass by some of the herbicides registered for use

in asparagus in New Zealand. The combination of bromacil applied pre-emergence followed by

glyphosate at close up provided a satisfactory control of nut grass using products with which

growers are familiar. With commitment and a fastidious follow up programme of spot spraying, it

may be possible to reduce the weed infestation to low levels. Eradication of nut grass in asparagus

will depend on how deep the tubers are present in the soil, their longevity and dormancy

characteristics.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Bruce Stanley for his support in providing the trial site and willing cooperation in the

management of the asparagus crop.

REFERENCES

Agamalian, H.S., 1995. Evaluation of norflurazon for the control of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus

esculentus). Proc. 8th Int. Asparagus Symposium, Palmerston North, N.Z. (in press).

Hawton, D., Howitt, C.J. and Johnson, I.D.G., 1992. A comparison of methods for the control of

Cyperus rotundus L. Tropical Pest Management 38: 305-309.

Healy, A.J. and Edgar, E., 1980. Cyperaceae. Pp 189-190 In: Flora of New Zealand Vol III;

Government Printer, Wellington New Zealand.

Hilgendorf F.W., 1948. Family Cyperaceae. Pp53-54 In: Weeds of New Zealand and How to

Eradicate Them;. Revised by Calder, J.W. Fourth Edition; Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd., New

Zealand.

Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V. and Herberger, J.P.,1977. Cyperus rotundus. Pp 8-24

In: The World’s Worst Weeds, University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G., 1992. Nutgrass. Pp57-61 In: Noxious weeds of Australia;

Inkata Press, Melbourne. Sydney, Australia.

Paxman, P., Annand, A.M., Lee, S.C., Orwick, P.L. and Peoples, T.R., 1985. The imidazolinone

herbicides. Proc. 38th N.Z. Weed and Pest Control Conf.: 73-77.

Rahman, A. and Sanders, P., 1983. Residual herbicides for weed control in established asparagus.

Proc. 36th N. Z. Weed and Pest Control Conf.: 136-139.

Sheinbaum, Y., 1985. Control of Cyperus rotundus and annual weeds in cotton with norflurazon.

Phytoparasitica. 13:259-260.

Siriwardana, G.D. and Nishimoto, R.K., 1987. Low rates of glyphosate for management of Cyperus

rotundus L. Symp. of 11th Asian-Pacific Weed Sci. Soc. Conf.: 63-71.

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DATA-MÉDICOS/DERMAGIC-EXPRESS No 2-(97)  04/11/2.000 DR. JOSÉ LAPENTA

                                               UPDATED 14 AUGUST 2025

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Produced by Dr. José Lapenta R. Dermatologist

Venezuela 1.998-2.025

Producido por Dr. José Lapenta R. Dermatólogo Venezuela 1.998-2.025

Tlf: 0414-2976087 - 04127766810